![]() ![]() Therefore, multiple protein copies must self assemble to form the continuous three-dimensional capsid structure. Capsids are formed as single or double protein shells and consist of only one or a few structural protein species. Due to its limited size, the genome codes for only a few structural proteins (besides non-structural regulatory proteins involved in virus replication). Capsid proteins are coded by the viral genome. This capsid comes into play during infection to attach the virion to specific receptors exposed on the prospective host cell. The simplest virions consist of two basic components, namely nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a capsid, which is a protein coat, functions as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases. This review attempts to conglomerate the importance of glycoprotein in widely studied viral infection and their application in diagnosis.Ī fully assembled infectious virus is known as virion. worked on receptor glycoprotein interaction in Zaire Ebola Virus ( ZEV). Hidari and Takashi Suzuki on Glycan receptor in influenza Virus. There are several good review works on viral glycoproteins. The detection of these structural glycoproteins of viruses is done by lectins or monoclonal antibodies acting as probe or by measuring the titres of host antibodies against antigenic glycoprotein. The detection of structural glycoproteins of viruses or early glycoprotein antigen formation in the host due to viral infection or the quantification of titres of antibodies against viral antigenic glycoprotein is an emerging discipline in viral immunodiagnostics. With increase in the growth of sophisticated immunoassay techniques, effective viral immunodiagnostic assays are now available in the market. Serology is the mainstream of viral diagnosis. Hepatitis B and C, viruses causing diarrhea, parvovirus etc. Also, many viruses do not grow at all in cell culture e.g. Cell cultures are also very susceptible to microbial contamination and toxins present in the specimen. Also, the sensitivity is poor and depends on many factors, such as the specimen condition and the condition of the cell line. The major problem of cell culture is it takes a long time (up to 4 weeks). On the other hand, indirect detection by virus isolation is dependent on cell culture techniques. These techniques are extremely useful but are technically demanding, costly and require skilled personnel. It can also be enumerated by molecular biological techniques like PCR/RTPCR by detecting viral genomes. Viruses can be directly detected through electron microscopy. Generally, the majority of common viral infections are diagnosed by serology. Serological diagnosis is generally made by detecting titres of antibody in infection. Serology always constitutes the bulk of the work of any virology laboratory, especially in overpopulated third world countries. In case of indirect examination, the sample has to be added into cell culture, eggs or animals to grow the virus in vitro. In case of direct detection, the clinical sample is examined directly to identify any presence of virus particles, virus antigen or viral nucleic acids. Those are direct detection, indirect examination (virus isolation), and by serology. Viral diagnostic tests can be broadly classified into three categories in general. These virus specific high levels of glycan specific antibodies have been exploited to develop novel diagnostic assays. These pathogenic glycans either virus encoded or host derived usually elicit high humoral responses in human body. Glycans are most complex biomolecules due to extensive branching of carbohydrates, and a variety of glycoproteins have been identified in human viral pathogens. Thus, majority of the interactions of viral pathogens with their hosts are influenced by the pattern of glycans and glycan-binding receptors that each expresses. Glycans are major components of the outermost surface of viruses. So to detect them at the earliest, there is an extreme need of dynamic diagnostic system. With the capability of fast mutation, viruses affect the host cells with new and newer mechanisms. Thousands of new viral strains are discovered till date affecting people producing a huge global burden of viral infections resulting immense challenge towards healthcare system. Globally it accounts for extremely high morbidity and mortality throughout the age groups of people. Being an obligate intracellular parasite, virus is the most deadly microbe to be dealt with. ![]()
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